Wife of Bath in The Canterbury tales Essay Example for Free

Wife of Bath in The Canterbury tales EssayScholarship identifies the personae of the Wife of Bath in The Canterbury tales with various distinctive interpretations including feminist, antifeminist, irreverent, arrogant, ridiculous, and sophisticated. Scholar Rosalyn Rossignol points out that the good Wife has attracted a great deal of critical attention, partly because of the controversy that arises over interpreting her component part (298). The Wife is both emotional and cerebral, a comic figure and a real person. She has been seen as a feminist challenging patriarchy, but she has also been viewed as a satiric and complaisant anti-feminist. How is it possible that she can be seen in such contrasting perspectives? E.T. Donaldson proposes a solution that Chaucer discloses a world in which universe is prevented by its own myopia, the myopia of the describer, from seeing what the dazzlingly attractive externals of life really represent (935). However, if the Wife is everyman and everywoman, then all of these perspectives can be true. alternatively than a singular, marginalized extension with limiting aspects, the Wife is a complex and comprehensive blend of Chaucers creations, and the center to which all of the other pilgrims and their tales return. Her portraying is more descriptive than any other character portrayed, but it also demonstrates the characteristics uniquely identified with each of the other characters. The prologue to her tale is the longest of any of the other characters. Is she just dull and full of prideful arrogance? I suggest that the limited details each of the other characters possess emanates from the comprehensive detail of the Wifes portrait and prologue which completes a circular expos. I propose that Chaucers Wife is not just a Wife, or even a woman she is an amalgamation of literary possibilities. Her literary knowledge is suspect, but her worldly stick spans a life quantify through which she acquires autonomy.In the introduc tion to The Wordsworth Chaucer, Editor Larry Benson discusses how Chaucer the poet draws on his own literary jazz in creating his tales, and so too does Allisoun of Bath possess the experience that allows her to transcend the limits of definition (11). She is deaf in both ears and therefore cannot hear the hyperbole of ascendant male discourse. She does not argue her right to speak, she just speaks. Contrary to acceptable femininity, she is a hypersexual woman, but sex is neither for enjoyment, nor procreation. Finally, Chaucer is not writing as a woman, or as a man attempting to write as a woman or using mascu hunt writing to portray a female, he is writing in a manner that is useful to educate everyone to limitless possibilities. The Wife of Bath then, rather than a singly signified representation found on scholarship perspective, is, in reality, the nexus of the Canterbury Tales.Although the likes of the Wife there be limitless possibilities for proving this argument, it is m y plan to defend this thesis through the tropes of status, voice and experience as seen in her portrait, and the prologue to her tale. To prepare the way for the convergence of his themes, where everything and everyone emanate from and return to a central focus in the Wife of Bath, a General Prologue begins the tales with a representation of the biblical creation story in its hierarchical progression. In the opening lines, first there is water and wind, plants, followed by animals, and finally, portraits of the travelers are depicted. It is spring, a time of new beginnings, as well as a time of pilgrimage to give thanks for past favors, and in Chaucers fourteenth century world, xxix diverse pilgrims with ful devout courage (22), gather at a public inn to sojourn to Canterbury, site of the holy shrine of the martyred Thomas Beckett. Born in Cheapside, London, Beckets inclusion in the tales illustrates human change, from vacuous impoverishment to reverential saintliness, themes als o recurring throughout the tales and demonstrated by the Wifes portrait and prologue.Twenty-four pilgrims are presented in the portraits which begins with the spunkyest rank, a Knyght ther was, and that a worthy man (43), and ends with the lowliest, a gentil Pardoner (669). According to a popular websites, Alisoun, a name which meat of nobility, and sacred flame (1), is also a common Middle English name. The name given by Chaucer to the Wife, it is apparent from the multiplicity of meanings that Alisoun represents both high and low culture, a correlation to the cross-cultural representations of her fellow travelers. Taken together, the pilgrims represent every facet of society, facets seen inclusively as the Wifes total composition. Each line of her portrait represents an attribute or characteristic illustrated in the portrait of one of the other pilgrims. While virtually of the travelers mimic one another in drift or attribute, no other pilgrim possesses all of the qualities si gnified in each of the others.That Chaucer the poet repeated his themes over and over is not surprising, but that those themes all converge in the Wife of Bath is significant since it centers privilege in a woman. If the Wife is the Nexus, then Chaucers allusion to the creation story points to her as the Eve from whom all women are descended. While Eve is not mentioned in the prologue to the Canterbury tales, she is a pivotal component of the creation story to which Chaucer alludes. Chaucer would have wished to avoid accusations of heresy, a realistic concern in his time period. To have openly equated Eve with the Wife, with specificity of declaration, would have opened him up to, at the very least, severe criticism, which was not what he was interest in. He was interested in opening up the minds of the people by writing alternative realities.However, there are two prominent women in Chaucers prologue, why wouldnt the Prioress be Eve? The Prioress is dainty, prepossessing and high in the social strata. Her portrait appears before the Wifes portrait in the worldwide prologue. She has beautiful manners and is very sympathetic to even the smallest creature. Additionally, the Prioress is a nun, a woman who swears obedience to authority when she takes her vows. She is not a good range of a function for Eve since the Prioress is certainly willing to acquiesce, whereas Eve and the Wife are not.The Wife is strong, bold, does not care what people think of her, she is her own person and like Eve, who was unwilling to accept the dictates of authority and wanted to control her own destiny, the Wife is also in search of control over her life. While Eve is not specifically referenced in Chaucers creationism allusion, she is definitely alluded to by virtue of the hierarchical progression of pilgrims that Chaucer introduces to his readers. Adam and Eve occur in natural hierarchical progression in the creation story, from the lowest to the highest, water to man/woman, simil ar to the Chaucerian hierarchy in which the Wife is introduced to the reader.A compelling testament to the argument of the centrality of her character as binder for the tales is witnessed in the make-up of this very Chaucer class, where approximately sixty percent of the students have chosen to write their term paper on some characteristic aspect of the Wife. No two representations are even similar, and analysis of her character ranges from psychological to pornographical arguments with everything in-between. The very diversity of these contemporary arguments do, however, represent the critical diversity argued over the past seven centuries but existing scholarship fails to recognize her important thematic centrality.

The Birth of the Republic Essay Example for Free

The Birth of the Republic EssayDuring the Seven Year War against France, England encountered galore(postnominal) expenses which lead to the nation locomote into a great debt. This debt created many bribes among the British government and its people. Englands people felt as if the King was trying to rule over them and not channel their own personal beliefs into consideration. The government tried to resolve the issues of their debt by creating new acts that would hopefully pay for the struggle expenses, the new territory of Canada and Mississippi, and its troops to defend as well as pull back care of their new land. The British saw an opportunity to tax the colonies as well as demand more of their situation from them to help benefit their own economic issues. They continued to tax the colonies until finally the Colonial people had had enough. The parliament tried to pass the pestle Act which utter that the newspapers and other legal and commercial documents had to be tax ed. They as well tried to pass the Sugar Act which tried to tax people three cents on not only sugar nevertheless coffee, indigo, and wine as well. Most of the people felt that the British parliament did not have the right to tax them, and many of whom migrated to the colonies to escape British rule, yet they were still being control take heavily by them. Before the Stamp Act could be finalized the Colonial people made for plastered that the act did not get passed.Essentially there were two groups in Parliament led by William Pitt and Marquis of Rockingham who favored repeal. Pitt was head of the Parliament during the war against France in which many seemed to turn to him during this crisis. After the war, the parliament limited his role within them dueto his dictating qualities. This led to Pitt and his remaining followers arguing in the hearthstone of Commons that taxation is no part of the governing or legislative power. He not only wanted the Stamp Act repealed but also for the parliament to admit this act was based off of a flawed principal. Rockingham had more followers than Pitt in the repeal of the Stamp Act, and momentarily the King back up him. In time Rockingham found himself being the leader of a foundation he did not support due to the circumstances with Grenville which ultimately led to him repealing the Stamp Act.During this time Rockingham got Benjamin Franklin to stand before The House of Commons to state that Americans were much oppressed by the Stamp Act. This eventually led to the arrangement of the asserting(prenominal) Act which affirmed Parliaments right to make laws and statutes binding the colonists. The Americans were uncertain of the Declaratory Act due to the vagueness of the Parliaments representation of it. Shortly after this occurrence the Townshend Act was in acted which told the Americans that they needed to provide the British soldiers with food and shelter.When this act was initiated the plan was that they would stack A merica with external taxes since they all believed what Franklin said. Americans indeed rebelled by not importing British goods and then came to say they had no right to be taxed. Pitts popularity continued to decrease, while Rockingham switched his belief, parliament began to destroy American legislative assemblies, and Americans began to show hatred toward officials from England. The Parliament then decided it was time to show who was boss by sending over two regiments.After some time the Americans developed a distinction between taxation and legislation which lead to the Americans demanding more of the distinction, resulting in the determination of the Parliament members to teach them that they could not overrule the Parliaments authority. Repeal of the Stamp Act momentarily took out the thought of the colonists fear of the army that England had sent over, but the Townshend Act renewed their fears resulting in a suspicion of a colonial drive to liberation. In capital of Massac husetts they began to notice that it was time for a reassessment of the colonial position. They started to believe that maybe it was time to overlook Parliaments right to tax and question the limits of its right to legislate too. compensate before the troops were about to arrive in Boston, the people of Boston gathered at atown meeting and declared without their consent in Person or by Representatives of their own free Election, would be an infringement of their natural, constitutional and Charter Rights and the employing such Army for the enforcing Laws made without the consent of the People, in Person, or by their Representatives would be a Grievance.Some Bostonians were not satisfied with this encounter to Parliaments legislative authority, and wished to back words with weapons if the troops did indeed try to land. The town called upon the delegates to go to a convention but unfortunately no one showed resulting in the troops coming in completely armed. There was absolutely no enemy and no complaints. Protests against the Townsh end A cts and intimidation tactics against tax collectors, government officials and merchants violating the boycott of British goods, prompted Governor Francis Bernard to request troops in order to fete civil order in Boston. On October 1768 additional British troops started to arrive in Boston joining another regiment and adding up to a total of 4,000 soldiers, a large number considering the population of Boston was 20,000 at the time. The 14th and 29th regiments were to protect government officials, restore order, reinforce the collection of taxes and take action as needed.Eventually this backfired and a street brawl broke out which became to be known as the Boston Massacre. The Bostonians mostly kept to themselves but found several ways to harass the troops who had been harassing them. The Americans still felt strongly about the danger to their liberties from the Parliamentary taxation, but were slowly learning to put under t heir inquiries to Parliamentary legislation too. Soon after all of this had taken place, yet another act was initiated called the Tea Act. The Tea Act was an act of Parliament of capital Britain its principal objective was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the troubled British Eat India Company in its London warehouses and to help the assay company survive.This act did not settle well with the colonists because they did not want to have to pay a tax on the tea and it eventually led to them firing back and dumping thousands of pounds of tea into the harbor. After this happened the patience of the ministry in Boston grew real slow, as well as the Parliament getting very angry, so they enacted a series of laws known as the Coercive Acts. This was a series of four different laws that closed the ports of Boston until the leaders paid for the tea that was dumped into the harbor. This lawwould force the colonists to follow laws they thought were unfair. Although these laws we re aimed at Boston, many of the other colonies were expected to learn from it.Although England experienced an extensive debt problem, the government tried to fix the issue by creating new acts. Many of the acts were not well liked among the people which resulted in them backfiring and trying to get the acts revoked. This revolt against the King lasted for several years.

The Services Offered By Barclays Internet Banking Information Technology Essay

The Services Offered By Barclays Internet Banking Information Technology EssayIn this report I seek to look at one of the big worldwide financial provider called Barclays and concentrate very much on its meshwork margeing. Barclays has got 300 years of experience in banking (baclays.com 2010). Barclays bank offers internet banking and serves a large number of customers in the world. The report will also give an outline of the work offered by Barclays internet banking and a dark any(prenominal) explanation will be given on how this internet banking is beneficial to the federation.There atomic number 18 several function offered by Barclays internet banking. The internet banking services offered by Barclays are not different from the services offered by other banks which are involved in internet banking. Some of the transactions which throne be done through internet banking are as follows (lawyerment.com)Furthermore, Barclays online banking allows the go forr to open his bank account, do savings and investments, leave loans and mortgages, pay insurance as hearty as to contact international banking. Barclays internet banking also allows students to have their students account, approve their loans, share trading and many more services.Extend to which internet banking is beneficial to societyIn order to give a judgment on the extent to which internet banking is beneficial to society, two things are to be considered. These are advantages and disadvantages of internet banking to society. The services offered by Barclay internet banking are advantageous to society and detrimental in another way. So in order for me to give a judgment on the extent to which this internet banking is beneficial to society , I will also use the advantages of internet banking as given at (Barclays.co.uk) as well as the general advantages and disadvantages of internet banking.ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET BANKINGConvenient and easyBarclays bank provides free online banking and the service s are given any time needed. With internet banking, the users cigarette pay their bills, transfer their property, and check their balances while they are home. Whenever something urgent arises for example in paying the bills, users will not need to go to the bank but they can do their transactions right from their homes whenever they have access to internet. For some other people who go to work away from their bank branches, it becomes easy for them to access their accounts everyplace they are. It is also possible to use your mobile phone to access your bank information.Time efficientWhen opening an account, a lot of time is way outn in doing the paper work. But using internet banking, the necessary procedures are clearly provided for users. In the case of Barclays, the necessary information for users is provided on the necessary websites. This makes it easy for assembly line people because they dont waste most of their time standing on queue or finding where the bank is. Barcla ys provide information on how to get an online account. guard dutyBarclays provides safety for users of its internet banking services though many ways. These include making their regular checkup of their systems to make sure on that point are no problems, provide of security measures like automatic logoff, systems which can sense and protect the account from attack by internet hackers. The bank maximizes its risk management to make sure that every protective measure is done to ensure safety of the accounts. Furthermore enough information is given to people regarding how they should keep their login information- for example they should not communicate their login information to some people via some unnecessary and unprotected mails. Barclays takes its full responsibility in protecting the privacy of the users information. These include some warnings if the user does use the service unnecessarily.International bankingWith the globalization that is taking place in a fast growing wo rld like this, people need everything to be fast. wad now are contacting their business beyond their borders without any limitation. Internet banking allows users to access their banks accounts and do whatever transactions they want even though they are alfresco the country where their banks are. It is now easy to contact business from outside your country. In general, not all business has their braches all over the world but with internet banking it becomes possible to do everything from wherever you are.AccessibilityWith the fast growing world and engineering science, internet has become accessible to large parts of the world. Internet services are offered 24 hours every day in many parts of the world. Provided the availability of internet access, all users can log into their respective accounts.ValueInternet banking is beneficial to people in the sense that the running costs are less. When using other banking ways, will need to pay a certain amount of money to go to a bank to transfer money, or to go where there is an Automated Machine to make a transfer. But using online banking all these can be performed while lying on your bed.DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET BANKINGForgeryMany cases are reported about the forgery that takes place in online banking. With the advancing technology many people have devised some websites they can use to access other peoples user names and passwords. As a result if the banks do not have strong safety measures against this many people would lose their money as a result of hackers. However as I said good banks like Barclays have also devised safety measures against hackers. These include automatic log off, sites which detect hackers, protection of users privacy, teaching users how to protect their computers from hackers and so on.Less trust commonwealth in general do not put much trust in machine than they put on people. So the reason why there are only few people doing online banking, its because less trust is given to the way th ese machines operate. So many people will not want to take risks by doing online banking.CONCLUSIONI have used Barclay bank as one of the major financial provider using internet banking. With the information that I obtained from the Barclays websites as well as other reputable websites in an effort to find out to what extend internet banking is beneficial to society. I have include several services offered by internet banking which included paying of bills, making of transfers and so on. Then in answering to what extend online banking is beneficial, I searched the advantages and disadvantages as shown above, some advantages included how easy it is to do all your transactions anytime , anywhere as covered in convenience . For disadvantages I also included the risk of forgery that can be done by other people to obtain other peoples login details and use them to steal their money. However after weighing the advantages and disadvantages I discovered that there are more benefits than dis advantages of internet banking to society.In conclusion, internet banking is beneficial to the society to a greater extend.

Uses of Religion in Advertising

Uses of Religion in AdvertisingThe way the kernel is pre moveed, both pictorially and verbally, has a significant number on the impact of the advertisement. However, it is acknowledged that attitude depend non only on the physical stimuli but also on the stimulis relation to the surrounding field of battle and a whole range of factors within the individual, including the cultural background, experience, personality/cognitive style, values, expectations, and the context in which something is perceived (De Mooij, 2009 Usunier Lee, 2005). Due to this, its widely agreed that when an audience encounters an advertisement, the response to it depends on the meaning they assign to it, which in turn depends on characteristics of both the advertisement and the members of the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). Advertisers need to understand their audience before encoding messages so that they atomic number 18 credible and generate controlling responses. Otherwise the sensing may be neg ative, disbelief or rejection.To ensure that a stimulus produces favorable response, advertisers pack to analyze where attitudes stem from and what influences attitude. Positive attitude could result in positive response to a particular publicizing stimulus and positive attitude toward the advertisement. This positive attitude could influence leverage intentions (Severn et al., 1990) and even lead to the audiences brand choice without examination of beliefs on specific attributes, beca persona it al grims for the retrieval of an overall evaluation with minimal processing (Dotson and Hyatt, 2000).Evidence suggests that advertisements are processed subjectively by individuals, on the basis of the mathematical group membership (Leach Liu, 1998). Cultural groups differ in their values, attitudes and prejudices they possess, and thus each group will read the advertisement distinctly and develop its own shared reactions, interpretations and meanings of the advertisement (Leach Liu, 1998). In a cognitively diverse world, a message that is sent is not necessarily the message that is received. Advertising could be more effective when it provides nurture and uses language that is consistent with the preferences of the audience, because customized advertisements may be more successful than generic one-size-fits-all (LaBarbera, 1998).Values guide and determine attitudes and behaviour, which are the core of culture. Advertising reflects and influences cultural values. Therefore, ad appeals that depict value orientations consistent with the intended audience is likely to be more persuasive than advertisements that depict inconsistent value (Leach Liu, 1998), a fact that advertisers should impinge on into account when creating their messages. Advertisers use cues, such as culturally similar actors, shared cultural symbolic representations and preferred language to produce the intended meaning, in the hope that the cues will be decoded by the audience (Veloutsou Ahmed, 2006). In the following sections the role of pietism, as a factor that influences both the advertisement execution and attitude stratumation will be reviewed.Religion and AdvertisingReligion as an institution importantly influence on multitudes attitudes, values and miens (Arnould, Price, Zikhan, 2004) at both the individual and societal levels. According to Peterson and Roy (1985), religion provides a source of meaning and purpose for people it makes keep history understandable and interpretable. Religion fosters established coiffes and provides a series of tools and techniques for social behavior (Hawkins et al.,1980 Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991) therefore, religion and its associated values and practices often play a pivotal role in influencing peoples everyday life. This role is activated and executed through rituals and symbols. Rituals and symbols are focal elements in transferring phantasmal courses and meanings to people which consequently shapes their values, beliefs, and behaviors. Religious self-identity, formed as a result of the internalization of the role expectations offered by the religion, suggests the potential influence of religiosity on ones behavior and consequently what is considered right or wrong in that berth (Vitell et. al, 2005). Moral values of right and wrong define what is allowed and forbidden for trade and consumption and how this marketing strategy should take place.Hirschman (1983) points out that spectral denominational tie-up may be viewed as cognitive systems. A cognitive system is a set of beliefs, values, expectations and behaviors that are shared by members of a group (Berger, 1961 Gurvitch, 1971 Merton, 1937). This place suggests that members of a particular religion may possess common cognitive systems, which may influence that groups behaviour (Hirschman, 1983). In a series of studies, Hirschman (1981, 1982, 1983) found that phantasmal affiliation had an influence on novelty go throughking, inform ation search and a number of consumption processes such as choice of entertainment, transportation and family pets. Hirschman (1983) concluded that a few(prenominal) different(a) variables have exhibited the range and depth of explanatory power offered by religious affiliation (Esso Dibb, 2004).Even though attitudes and behaviors are promptly influenced by at least religion-rooted aspects of culture, religions impact on consumption- think behaviour have been only very modestly studied in the marketing literature (Mokhlis, 2009). According to Hirschman (1983) there are three possible reasons for this shortfall. The first reason for the slow development of literature in this area is the possibility that consumer enquiryers are unaware of the possible links betwixt religion and consumption patterns. The second reason is a perceived prejudice against religion within the research community once being a out(p) subject and too sensitive to be submitted for investigation (i.e. the po tential for inadvertent offence and the legal protection afforded freedom of religion). Finally, she claims that religion is everywhere in our life and therefore may have been overlooked by researchers as an obvious variable for investigation in the field. Although Hirschman made this assertion some years ago, it is lock away true today. To date, few studies have investigated religion as a predictor of attitudes toward advertisement.Existing studies on advertising and religion master(prenominal)ly examined the influence of religion on attitude toward advertising of controversial products (De Run, Butt, Fam, Jong, 2010 Fam Grohs, 2007 Fam Waller, 2003 Fam, Waller, Erdogan, 2004 Michell Al-Mossawi, 1995). However, a review of the pertinent literature showed that around of these studies observed this influence from the point of marketing communications. Examining whether religion and intensity of religious belief has an effect on the attitudes towards the advertising of controv ersial products, Fam, et al. (2004) found a significant difference between the four controversial product groups (gender/ shake up related products, social/political groups, health and care products, and addictive products) and the four religious groups (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and non-religious believers). Their results revealed that Moslems found the advertising of gender/ awake related products, social/political groups, and health and care products near sick relative to the other three religions. In addition, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the less devout followers (Fam, et al., 2004).Second area of research in the field of advertising and religion has primarily focused on the presence of religious values in advertisements(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000 Kalliny, 2008). For slip, in a cross cultural content analysis of magazine publish er advertisements in the U.S. and Arab countries, Al-Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in Arab advertisements women tended to be portrayed in advertisements in which their presence was related to the advertised product. This was indicated to be in compliance with accepted Muslim religious tenants (Henley Jr, Philhours, Ranganathan, Bush, 2009). In another research to investigate the impact of religious differences on advertising execution in Arab world Kalliny (2008) found that there were major differences among the Arab countries where Egypt and Lebanon were found to depict women who are dressed less modestly than Saudi Arabia and U.A.E.Developing alongside the literature focusing on the two above-mentioned of the research area is another cluster of studies that explores the consumers reactions to ads containing religious cues or symbols (Dotson Hyatt, 2000 Henley Jr, et al., 2009 Lumpkins, 2007 Taylor, Halstead, Haynes, 2010). These studies tried to shed the light on the a dvertisement processing through measuringTaylor and his colleagues research examined consumer reactions to the use of a Christian religious symbol (the Christian fish symbol Ichthus) in advertising by running two experiments. Their controversial findings revealed that consumers have varied reactions to Christian messages in the secular marketplace and that responses depend on their religiosity levels. The results of their follow-up field experiment with adult consumers indicated a significant Christian symbol by evangelistic religiosity interaction on perceived quality and purchase intentions such that the Christian symbol enhanced consumer evaluations and the effects were stronger as evangelical religiosity increased. They have also found that consumer source perceptions of the marketer in terms of attitude similarity, trustworthiness, expertise, and skepticism mediated these interaction effects. But their second piece of work which was a lab experiment conducted with young adult s revealed an unusual backlash effect of the Christian symbol on purchase intentions for some consumers and contrasting mediation results (Taylor, et al., 2010).In another pick out to investigate consumers responses to ads with religious cues Henley et. al (2009) examined the effects of Christian cues or symbols on relevant and irrelevant symbol product ad evaluations. The study indicates that religiosity of the respondent has a significant moderating impact on the evaluation of an ad (Aad, Ab, and PI) that has a relevant Christian symbol Moreover, and possibly most significantly, the interaction effect between relevancy andreligiosity indicate that this interplay combines to significantly appropriate the diagnostic efficacy of the ad including attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intentions for high religiosity respondents under relevant conditions (Henley Jr, et al., 2009). The finding of this research corroborates Dotson and Hyatts (2000) findings.Do tson and Hyatt (2000) specifically studied the use of religious symbols as peripheral cues in advertising in a replication of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). In ads for pet health insurance, the authors manipulated argument strength and the presence or absence of the Christian cross as a peripheral cue. Product category involvement and level of religious dogmatism were found to be related to attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention, however, not in the expected directions. Low involvement subjects who were high in religious dogmatism had a less favorable attitude toward the brand and lower purchase intention when exposed to ads containing the cross. High involvement subjects who were also highly dogmatic had more favorable feelings toward the product when the cross was present in the ads. ELM suggests that the low involvement subjects would have responded more favorablyto the cue (Dotson Hyatt, 2000).P 2 Existing studies of advertising sugge st that cultural values either influence the drudgery and execution of advertising or are reflected in the content itself (Chang, et al., 2009). religious rooted aspect of culture directly or indirectly influence attitudes and behaviorMuslim values and AdvertisingRice/almousavi/lughmani/karandi/olayyen/malezi/keenan ramazan/Muslims consider Islam to be a complete way of life (Kavoossi 2000, Lawrence 1998). Indeed, one of the characteristics that distinguish Muslims from followers of some other faiths is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of the Muslims life (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). The Sharia is a comprehensive code governing the duties, morals and behavior of all Muslims, individually, and collectively in all areas of life, including marketing and commerce (Luqmani, Yavas and Quraeshi, 1987). It completely describes the values that Muslims should hold, such as truth, justice, honesty, social obligations, collective responsibility and the roles of men an d women (Al-Olayan Karande, 2000).It is beyond the scope and scale of this study to discuss the whole characteristics of Muslim values. But we refer to some of which implies more attention in advertising industry. According to Moslem social philosophy all spiritual, social, political, and economic spheres of life form an indivisible unity that must be thoroughly imbued with Islamic values. This principle informs such concepts as Islamic law and the Islamic state and accounts for Islams strong emphasis on social life and social duties (Fam, et al., 2004).The Islamic law, Sharia, which sets all that one should do, derives from four main resources of Islamic teaching. These resources are Koran (Muslims holy book which is matinee idols wording), Sunnah (the divinely inspired conduct of the Prophet Mohammad), Aghl (reasoning), and Ijma (consensus of opinion) (Coulson, 1964, p. 55-59).(Al-Olayan Karande, 2000). Islam has not intercommunicate many of modern phenomena such as marketing and advertising explicitly, but its comprehensive value system explicates should and shouldnt which consequently influences advertising content, execution and evaluation.In an attempt to relate basic Islamic values to advertising implications Rice and Al-Mousavi (2002) elucidated these values and their advertising implication. Some of these values which Muslims should follow are truth, honesty, politeness and social and collective obligations and responsibilities. Muslims should keep away from falsifying and deception everywhere in general and in trade and financial dealings with others in specific. They could not tell a lie and should avoid exaggeration. This suggests that advertisers should give for excellence as an end in itself, in addition to communicating truth amply about products and services (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002).Therefore Muslims process exaggerated messages in advertising as lie which intends to mislead them.Muslim activities are categorized as lawful (halal) and pr ohibited (haram) (Rice and Al-Mousavi, 2002) which constitute a system of values for assessing others speaking and behavior as well. Eating pork ,carrion, and carnivorous animals , gambling, drinking alcohol, nudity and idol worship (statutes inclusive) are prohibited (Chachu a, Kucharski, Luba, Ma achowska, Martinovski). Advertisements which portray some of these prohibited elements make people feel offended or be perceived as offensive. advertisement that repel these implications will not be effective and have the adverse affect on the sale (Michell and Al-Mossawi, 1995).Regarding the globalized hegemonic content and form of advertisements which was somehow contrasting with Islamic values, Muslims tend to the negative evaluation of advertising. Research in Saudi Arabia has shown that over 70% of Muslim respondents think that advertising is a threat to culture of Islam (Al-Makaty et al., 1996). (Keenan Shoreh, 2000). In a global survey of attitudes towards advertising in 22 coun tries, conducted by the foreign Advertising Association in 1993,results indicated that Egypt was the only market where respondents were consistently anti-advertising (Wentz, 1993, p 1, cited at Keenan Shoreh, 2000). Keenan and Shoreh (2000) conducted a research which shows that Muslims think that advertisements present western values and ignore Arab history and customs. Their investigation into the Egyptian main media (Al-Ahram) content in the rate of flow of 1975 to 1995 revealed that around 50 percent of items focusing on advertising had a negative, anti- advertising tone (Keenan Shoreh, 2000).According to Fam et.al (2004), Muslims found the advertising of gender/sex related products, social/political groups, and health and care products most offensive relative to the other three religions. Moreover, the religiously devout respondents were more likely to find advertising of gender/sex related products, health and care products, and addictive products more offensive than the le ss devout follower. (Fam, et.al, 2004).To overcome this shortfall, in addititon to further consideration of Islamic values, some advertisers utilized Islamic elements to produce a favorable feeling among Muslims. For example some advertisement utilized Quranic words to enhance the influence of the ad and make it more appealing to Muslim consumers. Examples are the words Bismillah (in the nameof God a phrase used by Muslims before beginning any action) or Allahu akbar (literally, God is greater)(Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002). Luqmani et al. (1989) provide an example of a manufacturer of water pumps that uses a verse from the Quran in advertising We made every living thing from water. In another example a distributor of Royal Regina lovemaking capsules in Saudi Arabia successfully ran a contest that included a question on how many times bees are mentioned in the Quran, along with questions and information about the product (Luqmani, Yavas, Quraeshi, 1993).His work gives an evidence of the influence of Islam in advertisingAuthors also have reckoned that the most important Muslims religion characteristic is that the influence of religion is very clear in every aspect of live. This influence is fortified in some special time like Ramadan the fasting month of Muslims. The month of Ramadan is the holiest time of the year in Islam. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the frameworks of Muslim life, along with faith in one God, prayer from the Koran five times daily, benevolence for those in need, and making the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. It entails a list of prohibitions between the hoursof sunrise and sunset. Beyond the fasting that is central to Ramadan, the entire month is a period of increased spirituality and religious contemplation for Muslims. As a result , this empowered spirituality affects the whole sphere of Muslims life including their consuming behavior and marketing communication. Keenan and Yeni (2003) compared ads run during Ramadan and those run during a non -Ramadan period in Egypt. Findings show fewer ads during Ramadan, more emphasis on charity messages during Ramadan, and more conservatively dressed characters in ads during Ramadan. According to Keenan and Yeni (2003) advertisers intentionally tone down the way they present women in their commercials. This might be interpreted as a form of respect for the Islamic principles and values of Ramadan (Keenan Yeni, 2003).Representation of Hijab in advertisementsIn the symbolic space of communication, identities have to be constructed through language and pictures and cultural symbols of identity such as the hijab take on enormous significance (cf.Dholakia and Zwick, 2001 Schau and Gilly, 2003). Relogious symbols, notabely, take on a sacredness that gives them a very strong presence and power in many peoples daily lives. The wearing of religious dress and symbols is an important expression of an individuals religious identity. It may reflect the wearers understanding of the requirements prescribed in their tradition or their belief that wearing this form of dress or these symbols as a mark of their religious commitment helps to enhance their spiritual life. It may also reflect a desire publically to affirm the identity to which these are linked. This interpretation and affiliation might emerge in information processing among Muslims when they encounter a message carrying this religious symbol.Hijab as a symbolic expression of Muslims clearly symbolizes a womans religious affiliation it also shapes Muslim womens independent identities standards (Macdonaldi, 2006). Hijab , further to religious identification, functions to perform a behavior check, resist sexual objectification, afford more respect, preserve intimate relationships, and provide freedom (Anderson, 2007). According to Bullock (2000) Muslim women in west who cover their head, see hijab as a way of projecting a Muslim identity and refuting an imitation of the west.Frances controversial new law banning the overt display of religious symbols in school, directed at the wearing of the hijab, brings to the forefront the enormous contemporary significance of the veil as a historically and culturally constructed symbol of pistillate Islamic identity (Zwick Chelariu, 2006). Westerners often regard the hijab as a symbol of backward cultural and gender politics and even fundamentalist extremism (Brenner, 1996)(Zwick Chelariu, 2006), but the practice of hijab among Muslim women is based on religious doctrine.Islam stresses that women should dress modestly and encourages women not to show too much of their bodies in public. Surat Al-Noor-Aih-31 in The Koran, the Muslims holy book addressed the issue of womens modesty by stating And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what ordinarily come out of the closet thereof that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers (kaliny, 2008). Scholars have interpreted this Koran passage differently, but most scholars take this message to mean that women may show only their hands and instance to men outside of their immediate family (Rice Al-Mossawi, 2002).The guidelines provided in the Koran might not be purely followed in the contemporary Muslim countries. A range of practices exists among Muslims regarding the times and places -ranging from prayer only to all the time that women are expected to be veiled. This different perception influenced advertising industry among Muslims world. While in Saudi Arabia and Iran it is forbidden to show other than the above-mentioned body parts, in Dubai in United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Egypt, the most liberal outdoor advertising is presented in the European version (Karande and Kiran, 2000).In a content analysis of pan-Arab, Egyptian, Lebanese and Emirati magazine advertisements, Al- Olayan and Karande (2000) found that in 83 percent of Arabic advertisements showing women, they were wearing long clothing, compared to 29 per cent in US advertisements. Furthermore ,Arabic advertisements show women in advertisement if their presence relates directly to the product and if they are appropriately dressed, that is, wearing long dresses and a head covering that does not expose any hair (Al-Makaty et al. 1996). Luqmani et al. (1989) describe how, in Saudi Arabia, advertisers of cosmetics refrain from picturing sensous females. Instead, in typical advertisements (an example is the Dove cleansing bar), a pleasant-looking woman appears in a robe and headdress with only her face showing.In Malaysia, Islam also exerts great influence on advertising regulation. The Islamic principle of covering the aurat (i.e., private body parts) for women and the prohibition of using women as sex symbols in advertising are strictly enforced (Wah, 2006). For instance, the Malaysian advertising code stipulates that fem ale models portrayed in advertising must be fully clothed up to the neckline. The length of the skirt should be below the knees. The arms may be exposed up to the edge of the shoulder without exposing the underarms (Advertising Code forTelevision and Radio, 1990).

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone

HPTLC Method for Deter arcminuteation of EdaravoneDevelopment and Validation of HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone in Bulk and in injectable Dosage FormA simple, rapid, reliable and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed for the estimation of Edaravone in heap and pharmaceutic dosage form. The chromatographic development was carried out on aluminum plates, pre-coated with silicon oxide gel 60 F254, using a mixture of Toluene Methanol (64v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was carried out densitometrically at 254nm. Thefvalue of analyte was found to be0.660.02. The method was formalize with respect to one-dimensionality, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The linear regression outline data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with 2=0.9995 in the concentration range 200600ng/spot. The % assay (Mean S.D.) was found to be100.270.72. verity of the method was accessed by percentage recovery and found to be99.770.71%. The method is new, simple and economical for routine estimation of edaravone in bulk, pre-formulation studies and pharmaceutical formulation rapidly at low cost in routine analysis.Keywords Edaravone, HPTLC, Pharmaceutical dosage form1. IntroductionEdaravone EDA is a neuroprotective agentused for the purpose of aidingneurologicalrecovery undermentioned acut ebrain ischemia and subsequentcerebral infarction. Chemically, it is 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. 1. It is a strong novel rationalise radical scavenger, was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (Osaka, Japan). It acts as apotentantioxidant, protect againstoxidative stressandneuronalapoptosis Furthermore, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects, as well as scavenging free radicals in cardiovascular diseases and stroke, showing protective effects in the heart, vessel, and brain in experimental studies 2-5 Different me thods have been inform for the determination of EDA in the bulk dose, in the dosage forms and in biological samples. HPLC 6-7 and potentiometric titrations 8 methods are operable for determination of the analyte in bulk medicine and formulation. RP-HPLC 9, RP-HPTLC 10 and LC-MS/MS 11 methods are reported for determination in biological samples.The literature survey revealed that HPTLC method is not reported for determination of EDA in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise, and economical HPTLC method for determination of EDA in bulk and injectable dosage form. The proposed method is optimized and validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines 12,13.Fig 1 Edaravone2. Experimental2.1 Reagents and chemicalsEdaravone was kindly gifted from sun Pharmaceuticals, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Edaravone injection was obtained from commercial sources at bottom their shelf life period. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck Chemicals.2.2. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditionsChromatography was performed on 20cm10cm aluminum foil plates precoated with 0.2mm layers of silica gel 60 F254 (E. Merck, Germany). The plates were prewashed with methanol and water mixture, dried in the current of dry air and activated at 120C for 5min. Samples were applied as bands 6mm wide, by use of a CAMAG (Switzerland) Linomat 5 applicator with a CAMAG microliter syringe. A constant application rate of 150nLs1was employed. Linear ascending development was performed in a twin-trough glass chamberwith mobile phase consisted of toluene methanol (64 v/v), which gave sharp and symmetrical peak withf0.66 + 0.02. The optimized chamber saturation time was 15 min at room temperature (25C2C) and relative humidity60%5%. After development, the plates were dried. Densitometric scanning, at 254 nm, was performe d with a CAMAG TLC scanner 4 in absorbance mode. The source of ray was a deuterium lamp emitting a continuous UV spectrum in the range of 190400 nm.2.3. Preparation of Standard Stock SolutionAn accurately weighed measuring rod of 10mg EDA was transferred to 10mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in methanol, and volume was made up to mark with the same solvent to obtain a working standard having concentration 1000ngL1.2.4. Optimization of mobile phaseInitially, different ratios of methanol and toluene were tried, but tailing of musca volitans was observed. Finally, the mobile phasecomprising of toluenemethanol(64v/v) gives good re issue, sharp and symmetrical peak withvalue of 0.63 at 254nm.Figure 2 Chromatogram of standard Edaravone (Rf = 0.63).3. resolve and discussionValidation of HPTLC methodThe proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines in terms of its linearity, accuracy, specificity, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantific ation (LOQ).3.1. Linearity (Calibration Curve)The amount of standard solution equivalent to 200-600 ng/spot of EDA was spotted on the prewashed TLC plates. The plates were developed, dried and scanned as described above. The calibration plot was constructed by plotting peak areas against the corresponding concentrations (ng/spot) of EDA. The linearity of response for EDA was assessed in the concentration range 200-600 ng/spot in terms of vend, intercept and correlation coefficient values. The calibration plot showed the correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.999), the intercept (5.838) and the slope (703.3) over the concentration range of 200-600 ng/spot (Fig. 2). The results of regression analysis are shown inTable 1.3.2 Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ)The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were derived by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, i.e., 3.3 for LOD and 10 for LOQ) using the following equations designated by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelinesLOD = 3.3 /SLOQ = 10 /SWhere, = the standard deviation of the response and S = slope of the calibration curve.3.3 RangeSuitable levels of precision and accuracy have been demonstrated between the upper and lour concentration limit of linearity under study.3.4 PrecisionThe intra-day and inter-day variation for the determination of EDA was carried out at three different concentration levels 400, 600, 800 ng/spot. Intra-day variations were assessed by analyzing these concentrations in triplicate within a day and inter-day variation was assessed by using the same concentration of drug and analyzing it different days and time.AccuracyThe accuracy of the method was determined by the use of standard addition at three different levels. The pre analyzed sample solution of 400 ng/spot of EDA was bar with extra amount equivalent to 80 %, 100 % and 120 % of the standard edaravone and the mixtures were analyzed by the proposed me thod. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. When these solutions were analyzed the recoveries were found to be within acceptable limits (Table 1).SpecificityThe mobile phase was optimized and it showed good result. There was no interference of diluents and other constituents in determining peak purity. This method is specific. finishA new HPTLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EDA. Low cost, faster speed, and satisfactory precision and accuracy are the main features of this method. The method was successfully validated as per ICH guidelines and statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive, specific, and repeatable. It can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of EDA as bulk drug and in marketed injectable formulation.AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to Sun Pharmaceuticals Vadodara, Gujarat, India for providing a gift sample of Edaravone, the Management of Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College , Vadodara, Gujarat, India, and Anchrom Test lab Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharastra, India, for providing the necessary facilities.References Nipponese Pharmacopoeial Forum, sixteenth edition, March 2012 Vol.21 (1), pp. 701-702.Doherty, Annette M, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37, Boston Academic Press.Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Watanabe K, Takamatsu Y, Tobe A,Research and development of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotectant.Yakugaku Zasshi, March 2004,124(3) 99111.Higashi Y, Jitsuiki D, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M (January 2006). Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery1(1) 8593.Kikuchi, K. Miura, N. Kawahara, K. Murai, Y. Morioka, M. Lapchak, P. Tanaka, E. Edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, is a potentially useful addition to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (review). Biomed. Rep. 2013, 1, 712.Ge orge Lunn Hplc Methods For Recently Approved Pharmaceuticals A earth-closet Wiley Sons, Inc., Publication P.p 204-206.XIA Ya Jun, ZHANG Xiao Ping Determination of Edaravone Injection by HPLC Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals Chinese journal of pharmaceuticals 34 352-353ZHANG Fu-Cheng, TIAN Shu -Xia, JIANG Ye Comparison Of Two Potentiometric Titration Determinations Of edaravone j Chinese Journal Of Pharmaceuticals 2005-09WEI Min, XIAO Yi (Guangxi Liuzhou municipal People s Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, China) Determination of the Concentration of Edaravone in Human Serum by RP-HPLC J China Pharmacy 2007-08M. Gandhimathi, M. Saravana Kumar, R. Baghla and T. K. Ravi RP-HPTLC Method for theIn VitroEstimation of Edaravone in Human PlasmaIndian Pharmaceutical connection Convention Volume 72Issue 2 P.p 276-282GU Li-Qiang XIN Yan-Fei ZHANG Sheng WEN Lei YANG Shi-Bao, HU Xiao-ling, XUAN Yao-Xian Determination of edaravone in plasma of Beagle dog by LC-MS/MS A C 2009ICH-Guidelines Q2A, Valid ation of Analytical Procedures comment and terminology, (CPMP III/5626/94), Geneva, Switzerland, 1995.ICH-Guidelines Q2B, Validation of Analytical Procedures Methodology, (CPMP/ICH/281/95) Geneva, Switzerland 1996.

Matthew, Mark, Luke, And John :: essays research papers fc

Matthew, fool, Luke, and throneTheocentric Studies-Part I February 2, 1996The four Gospels are neither histories of the life of Christ nor biographies.They are portraits of the person and work of the long promised Messiah, Israels poof and the worlds Savior. As portraits they present four different poses ofone unique personality. Matthew by the Holy Spirit presents Christ as King,Mark as Servant, Luke as Man, and pot as immortal. Although featuring Christ as King,Matthew sketches His role as a King in closest connection with His character asServant, as Man, and as God (Matthew 1353-1930). Likewise, although featuringHim as Servant, Mark depicts Christs servant role in closest connection withHis character as King, Man and God (Mark 111-161-8). Similarly Luke focusesthe berth on Christ as Man and John as God, but like other evangelists theydo not separate Him from His full- orbed character (Luke 414-950, John 119-250). The four Gospels narrate, largely, the same things, but with somedifferences. Only Matthew and Luke tell of the Birth and childhood of Jesus(Matthew 114-91, Luke 15-413). Matthew and Mark dwell on the GalileanMinistry Luke, the Perean John, the Judean. John omits most of the GalileanMinistry, and records visits to Jerusalem that the others omit (Luke 951-1927).The others omit the Judean Ministry, except the Last Week, which in all four lotrather extensively. The Last Week occupies one-third of Matthew, approximatelyone-third of Mark, one-quarter of Luke, and one-half of John. John devotesseven chapters, about one-third of his book, to Crucifixion Day, sunset tosunset. Thus all four writers present the one and same Person the God-Man,Servant of the Lord, King of Israel, humanitys Redeemer. The special emphasisof Matthew is that Jesus is the Messiah foretold by Old Testament Prophets. Ashe quotes from the Old Testament repeatedly, he seems to have had Jewish readersin mind. Marks special emphasis is the Superhuman power of Jesus, bydemonstrat ing His Deity by His Miracles (Mark 114-91). Omits most of Jesuslectures. Narrates things Jesus did rather than things Jesus verbalise. Seems tohave had Gentile readers in mind. Lukes special emphasis is the humanity ofJesus. Representing Jesus as the Son of God. Luke features His kindness towardthe weak, the suffering and the outcast (Luke 951-1827). He seems to have hadthe Greeks, who represented culture, philosophy and wisdom, in mind. John placesspecial emphasis on the Deity of Jesus. Consists mostly of Jesus lectures andconversations. Discusses things Jesus said rather than things He did (John11-18). By describing the eternal pre-existence, human birth, death,

The Immigrants in Breath, Eyes, Memory :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Immigrants Breath, Eyes, Memory Having to move to another country is not an east task because you atomic number 18 leaving behind everyone that you know since you are a little kid. Sophie was experiencing this because now she must drop everything and jump in a plane to reunited with her mother which she only have heard her voice. Haiti and Tante Atie was all Sophie knew, the independence that she had to run around or just play with kids from across the street while the hot sun is kicking in. Tante Atie for Sophie was the mother that she always wanted a mother that would wait for her outside when she returned from school or a mother that would tell her stories when she couldnt fall asleep. This will soon change when one-day plane tickets arrive and everything that was beaten(prenominal) to her was no longer there. Sophie was now in a new country with a mother that was also new to her. She now most learn face and at the same time maintain a fluent Creole. But the most diffi cult thing is to get use to New York and her new milieu because you no longer can be running around in the street and your parents are working day and night. There is no more license until you become an American (meaning more independent an liberal) in from of your mother eyes. I can relate to this novel a lot because I came to this country when I was eleven years old and I had to leave my grand parents, my father and my friends behind for a new life with my mother. It was a big change because I no longer could go outside and play baseball with my friends instead I most stay in and play Nintendo. I couldnt speak with nearly people in my school because I did not speak English nor did I understand the language. I had to work hard to understand and speak English, I used to always go to McDonalds and order the food, this was a way for me to practice or volunteer to go to the deans office to drop or to pick up something. At the beginning was hard but my friends were supportive but the re were times when people try to put me down because of my heavy accent, at that pull down I wanted to loss my accent but I learn that my accent is part of who I am.